References for Aerosol Production
Using Pneumatic Nebulizers

1. Measurement of Aerosol Transport Efficiency in Atomic Spectrometry
   - David D Smith and Richard F. Browner, Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 533.
2. Aerosol Transport Model for Atomic Spectrometry
   - Richard F. Browner, Andrew W. Boorn and David D. Smith, Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 1411.
3. Influence of Solution Uptake Rate on Signals and Interferences in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
   - John Farino, Jonathan R. Miller, David D. Smith and Richard F. Browner, Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 2303.
4. Empirical model for estimating drop size distributions of aerosols generated by inductively coupled plasma nebulizers
   - Antonio Canals, Janet Wagner and Richard F. Browner, Spectrochim. Acta  43B, 1321, (1988).
5. Evolution of drop size distributions for pneumatically generated aerosols in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
   - Antonio Canals, Vicente Hernandis and Richard F. Browner, Spectrochim. Acta  45B, 591, (1990).
6. Dual Beam, Light-Scattering Interferometry for Signal Measurements of Droplet Size and Velocity Distributions of Aerosols from Commonly Used Nebulizers
   - R. H. Clifford, Izumi Ishii, G. A. Meyer and Akbar Montaser, Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 390.
7. Effects of analyte and solvent transport on signal intensities in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry
   - Antonio Canals, Vicente Hernandis and Richard F. Browner, Spectrochim. Acta  47B, 659, (1992).
8. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry Using Nebulizers with Widely Different Sample Consumption Rates
   - Jeffrey A. Kinzer, Bryan Hackleroad and John W. Olesik, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 2022.
9. High-Efficiency Nebulizer for Argon Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
   - Sang-Ho Nam, Jong-Soo Lim and Akbar Montaser, J.  Anal. At. Spectrom., 1994, 9, 1357.
10. Phase-Doppler Diagnostic Studies of Primary and Tertiary Aerosols Produced by a High-Efficiency Nebulizer
    - Huiying Liu and Akbar Montaser, Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 3233.
11. Optical Techniques in Fluid, Thermal, and Combustion Flow: Characterization of primary and tertiary aerosols produced for high-temperature plasma spectrometry
    - Huiying Liu and Akbar Montaser, Proceedings of 1995 SPIE Vol. 2546, 584.
12. Investigation of a high-efficiency nebulizer and a thimble glass frit nebulizer for elemental analysis of biological materials by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry
    - Huiying Liu, Robert H. Clifford, Scott P. Dolan and Akbar Montaser, Spectrochim. Acta  51B, 27-40, (1996).
13. Evaluation of a Low Sample Consumption, High-efficiency Nebulizer for Elemental Analysis of Biological Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
    - Huiying Liu, Akbar Montaser, Scott P. Dolan and Robert S. Schwartz, J.  Anal. At. Spectrom., 1996, 11, 307.
14. Effect of Laminar Flow in Capillary Electrophoresis:  Model and Experimental Results on Controlling Analysis Time and Resolution with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Detection
    - J. A. Kinzer, J. W. Olesik and S. V. Olesik , Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 3250.
15. Direct Injection High-Efficiency Nebulizer for Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
    - John A. McLean, Hao Zhang and Akbar Montaser,  Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 1012-1020.
16. Sample Introduction in ICPMS
    - A. Montaser, M.G. Minnich, J. A. McLean, H. Liu, J. A. Caruso, and C.W. McCleod, In Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, A. Montaser and D. W. Golightly, Eds., Wiley-VCH, New York, (1998) 83-264.
17. Fundamental Aspects of Sample Introduction in ICP Spectroscopy
    - A. Montaser, M.G. Minnich, A. G. T. Gustavsson, and R. F. Browner, In Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, A. Montaser and D. W. Golightly, Eds., Wiley-VCH, New York, (1998) 335-420.
18. Nebulizer Diagnostics: Fundamental Parameters, Challenges, and Techniques on the Horizon
    - John A. McLean, M. G. Minnich, L. A. Iacone, H. Liu  and Akbar Montaser, J.  Anal. At. Spectrom., 1998, 13, 829-842.
19. Sensitive Quantitation of Chromium-DNA Adducts by Inductively Plasma Mass Spectrometry with a Direct Injection High-Efficiency Nebulizer
    - Jatinder Singh, John A. McLean, Daryl E. Pritchard, Akbar Montaser, and Steven R. Patierno, Toxicological Sciences 46, 260-265 (1998).
20. Ultratrace and Isotope Analysis of Long-Lived Radionuclides by Inductively Coupled Plasma Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry Using a Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulizer
    - Johanna Sabine Becker, Hans-Joachim Dietze, John A. McLean and Akabar Montaser, Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 3077-3084
21. Internalization of Carcinogenic Lead Chromate Particles by Cultured Normal Human Lung Epithelial Cells:Formation of Intracellular Lead Inclusion Bodies and Induction of Apoptosis
    - J. Singh, D. E. Pritchard, D. L. Carlisle, J. A. McLean, A. Montaser, J M. Orenstein, and S. R. Patierno, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 161, 240-248 (1999).
22. Improving Sensitivity for CE-ICP-MS Using Multicapillary Parallel Separation
    - J. V. Majidi, J. Qvarnstrom, Q. Tu, W. Frech, and Y. Thomassen, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 1999, 14, 1933-1935
23. A Large Bore-Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulizer for Inductively Coupled Plasma  Spectrometry
    - B. W. Acon, J. A. McLean, and A. Montaser, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 1885-1893.
24. The Determination of Cr in Human Lung Fibroblast Cells Using a Large Bore-Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulizer with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
    - J. A. McLean, B. W. Acon, A. Montaser, J. Singh, D. L. Pritchard, and S. R. Patierno, Appl. Spectrosc. 54, 659-663 (2000).
25. Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulization in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Under Cool and Normal Conditions
    - Michael G. Minnich and Akbar Montaser, Appl. Spectrosc. 54, 1261-1269 (2000).
26. Optical Patternation: A Technique for Three Dimensional Aerosol Diagnostics
    - John A. McLean, Michael G Minnich and Akbar Montaser, Jeff Su and Wing Lai, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 4796-4804.
27. A Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulizer Interface for Microbore High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
    - Billy W. Acon, John A. McLean and Akbar Montaser, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 2001, 16, 852–857
28. A Novel Direct Injection High Efficiency Nebulizer for Atomic Spectroscopy, 1997 U.S. Patent No. 6,166,379
    - A. Montaser and J. A. McLean and J. M. Kacsir, December 26, 2000.
29. Ultratrace and isotope analysis of long-lived radionuclides by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry using a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer
    - J. S. Becker, H-J. Dietze, J. A. McLean and A. Montaser, Anal. Chem. 71(15), 3077-3084 (1999).
30. Internalization of carcinogenic lead chromate particles by cultured normal human lung epithelial cells: formation of intracellular lead-inclusion bodies and induction of apoptosis
    - J. Singh, D. E. Pritchard, D. L. Carlisle, J. A. McLean, A. Montaser, J. M. Orenstein, and S. R. Patierno, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 161(3),  240-248 (1999).
31. A large bore-direct injection high efficiency nebulizer for inductively coupled plasma spectrometry
    - B. W. Acon, J. A. McLean, and A. Montaser, Anal. Chem. 72(8), 1885-1893 (2000).
32. Simulation of droplet-gas interactions in an inductively coupled plasma using direct simulation Monte Carlo method
    - C. M. Benson, S. F. Gimelshein, D. A. Levin, and A. Montaser, Proceedings of the 34th AIAA Thermophysics Conference, Denver, CO; June 19-22, 2000; paper number AIAA 2000-2431.
33. Modeling of droplet evaporation from a nebulizer in an inductively coupled plasma
    - C. M. Benson, S. F. Gimelshein, D. A. Levin, and A. Montaser, Proceedings of 22nd international symposium on rarefied gas dynamics, Sydney, Australia on July 9-14, 2000.
34. Oxide ion formation of long-lived radionuclides in double-focusing sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and their analytical applications
    - J. S. Becker, and H. J. Dietze, Inter. J. Mass Spectrom.  202(1-3), 69-79 (2000).
35. Non-spectral interference effects in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using direct injection high efficiency and microconcentric Nebulization
    - E. Bjorn, and W. Frech, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16(1), 4-11 (2001). 
36. Interfacing Capillary Electrophoresis with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry by Direct Injection Nebulization for Selenium Speciation
    - L. Bendahl, B. Gammelgaard, O. Jøns, O. Farver, and S. H. Hansen, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16(1), 38-42 (2001).
37. Determination of uranium isotopic composition and 236U content of soil samples and hot particles using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
    - S. F. Boulyga, and J. S. Becker, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 370(5), 612-617 (2001). 
38. Evaluation of a direct injection high-efficiency nebulizer (DIHEN) by comparison with a high-efficiency nebulizer (HEN) coupled to a cyclonic spray chamber as a liquid sample introduction system for ICP-AES
    - J. L. Todoli, and J. M. Mermet, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16(5), 514-520 (2001). 
39. Simulation of droplet heating and desolvation in an inductively coupled plasma - Part I
    - C. M. Benson, S. F. Gimelshein, D. A. Levin, and A. Montaser, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56(7), 1097-1112 (2001). 
40. Ultratrace and isotopic analysis of long-lived radionuclides by double-focusing sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using direct liquid sample introduction
    - J. A. McLean, J. S. Becker, S. F. Boulyga, H. J. Dietze, and A. Montaser, Inter. J. Mass Spectrom. 208(1/3), 193-204 (2001). 
41. Spatial aerosol characteristics of a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer via optical patternation
    - M. G. Minnich, J. A. McLean, and A. Montaser, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 56(7), 1113-1126 (2001). 
42. Interfacing sequential injection on-line preconcentration using a renewable micro-column incorporated in a 'lab-on-valve' system with direct injection nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
    - J. Wang, and E. H. Hansen, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 16(12), 1349-1355 (2001). 
43. Modified direct injection high efficiency nebulizer with minimized dead volume for the analysis of biological samples by micro- and nano-LC-ICP-MS
    - M. Wind, A. Eisenmenger, and W. D. Lehmann, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 17(1), 21-26 (2002). 
44. Axial inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry using direct liquid sample introduction
    - C. S. Westphal, J. A. McLean, B. W. Acon, L. B. Allen, and A. Montaser, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 17(7), 669-675 (2002). 
45. Mixed-gas inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer
    - J. R. Chirinos, K. Kahen, S. E. O'Brien, and A. Montaser, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372(1), 128-135 (2002).  
46. Determination of memory-prone elements using direct injection high efficiency nebulizer inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
    - S. E. O'Brien, J. A. McLean, B. W. Acon, B. J. Eshelman, W. F. Bauer, and A. Montaser, Appl. Spectrosc. 56(8),  1006-1012 (2002).
47. Coupling sequential injection on-line preconcentration using a PTFE beads packed column to direct injection nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
    - J. Wang, and E. H. Hansen, J. Anal. At. Spectrom.  17(10), 1278-1283 (2002).
48. FI/SI on-line solvent extraction/back extraction preconcentration coupled to direct injection nebulization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for determination of copper and lead
    - J. Wang, and E. H. Hansen, J. Anal. At. Spectrom.  17(10), 1284-1289 (2002).
49. Comparison of a direct injection nebulizer and a micronebulizer associated with a spray chamber for the determination of iodine in the form of volatile CH3I by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry
    - B. Langlois, J. L Dautheribes, and J. M. Mermet, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 18(1), 76-79 (2003).
50. Reduction of molecular ion interferences with hexapole collision cell in direct injection nebulization-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
    - S. E. O'Brien, B. W. Acon, S. F. Boulyga, J. S. Becker, H. J. Dietze, and A. Montaser, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 18(3), 230-238 (2003).
51. Anodic stripping voltammetry combined on-line with inductively coupled plasma-MS via a direct-injection high-efficiency nebulizer
    - A. J. Baca, A. B. De La Ree, F. Zhou, and A. Z. Mason, Anal. Chem. 75(10), 2507-2511 (2003).
52. Direct injection high efficiency nebulizer-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for analysis of petroleum samples
    - K. Kahen, A. Strubinger, J. R. Chirinos, and A. Montaser, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 58(3), 397-413 (2003).

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